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Grandma and Gramps are not doing well. In fact, the state of finances for the elderly is a shambles.

Let's start with falling home prices. The AARP found that between 2007 and 2011, "3.5 million loans held by people age 50 or older were underwater, 600,000 were in foreclosure, and another 625,000 were 90 or more days delinquent." And that doesn't include the 1.5 million seniors who lost their homes during that period.
Surprisingly, another source of distress for seniors is student loans. A shocking 2.2 million Americans age 60 or older have student loan debt, with an average balance of $19,521, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

When the going got tough, Grandma and Grandpa did what those of any age do -- turned to credit cards. But in their case, credit card debt has been a major factor in driving them to declare bankruptcy. Between 1991 and 2007, the number of people ages 65 to 74 seeking bankruptcy rose 178 percent. Even worse, among those 75 and older, the number seeking bankruptcy was up 567 percent!

In a paper analyzing the data from a Consumer Bankruptcy Project, law professor John Pottow writes that "the median elder debtor in bankruptcy carries fifty percent more credit card debt than the median younger filer."

And to top it all off, these folks have little to no savings: Two-thirds of those age 75 or older have absolutely nothing money left in their retirement accounts, and have little hope of finding a decent job to help them make ends meet.

So What Happens When Grandma's Gone?

While those elderly individuals who do file for bankruptcy won't leave behind massive debts, those who remain committed to paying down their bills -- but die before they successfully do so -- can place a burden on their heirs.

Luckily, most kinds of debt cannot legally be transferred to a deceased person's heirs. But that doesn't mean you're entirely immune to Grandma's bills.

Let's take a look at what happens to the major kinds of debt when an elderly relative passes on.

1. Mortgage. A mortgage is a secured loan: Simply put, there is collateral (the property) that guarantees the balance. As such, mortgages are not forgiven when a borrower passes away. They passes on to the deceased's estate. If the estate has enough cash to cover the remaining mortgage balance, it can be used to pay off the loan and the heirs can take ownership of the house. Or, you can assume the mortgage, i.e., put it in your name or leave it in the original owner's name, but continue to pay it normally. Or you can refinance. And of course, there's always the option of selling the house to repay the remaining balance of the loan.

But if the mortgage is upside down, you're not stuck; there are ways to walk away from a bad mortgage left to you by a relative.

2. Car loan. Car loans, too, are a form of secured debt. As such, an heir can, with consent of the lender, assume a car loan, or refinance it. Otherwise, you'll either need to use the estate's cash to pay off the car loan so the heirs can take ownership of the vehicle, or the car will need to be sold to repay the remainder of the debt.

3. Personal loan. Although theses debts are usually unsecured -- i.e., there was no collateral put up against the loan -- they do still pass on to the estate. The executor's primary responsibility is to use the estate's assets to satisfy the deceased's remaining debts. If the assets cannot completely cover all the remaining debts, the executor usually divides up the money, and pays each debtor an equal percentage of what they are owed.

4. Student loan. Federally insured student loans are forgiven upon death. No repayment by heirs is necessary -- simply contact the lender or loan servicer and send them a copy of the death certificate (and possibly wait quite a bit for the paperwork to be complete, with involving the government and all). Unfortunately, private student loan debt is not forgiven and falls to the estate similar to those other loans mentioned above.

5. Credit card. Like personal loans, if there are enough assets remaining in the estate to cover the debt, it must be applied to outstanding credit card debt. If there is no remaining money, the credit card company usually writes off the debt.

Of Course, It's Not Always That Simple

If any of the debt was incurred with a cosigner, the burden of debt typically falls entirely onto the other party who signed the loan.

What's more, different states treat debt differently. Certain states are community property states; in these, any assets accumulated during the duration of a marriage are considered joint assets and, in some cases, so are debts -- regardless of whether both parties signed the loan. Meaning if your estranged -- but not officially divorced -- spouse has an outstanding loan from the time you were married, it could still fall back onto you, regardless of your current relationship with them.

Also, not all of a deceased person's assets become part of the estate. IRAs, 401(k)s, brokerage accounts -- even life insurance payouts -- all pass through, untouched, to the designated beneficiaries. These amounts, therefore, are not taken into consideration when determining whether or not an estate has enough funds to satisfy their debts.

So What Can and Should You Do?

First, if you are the child or grandchild of someone whose finances seem to be in trouble, it's important that you discuss it with them. It's not always easy, but being open, honest, and working together to craft a plan now can save you countless hours of stress later -- and provide your loved one with the assurance that when they pass on, they aren't leaving you with an unpleasant burden.

Second, remind co-signers about any loans they are still listed on. It's also important to go through and update beneficiaries on those accounts that do directly pass through without becoming part of the estate.

Lastly, if you're over the age of 50, think twice about incurring new debt. It should be a last resort, an emergency-only option -- both for your own peace of mind as well as that of your loved ones.

Making the right financial decisions today makes a world of difference in your golden years - to both you and your loved ones. But most people aren't prepared. Don't make the same mistakes as the masses. Learn about The Shocking Can't-Miss Truth About Your Retirement in this special free report from The Motley Fool.

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Americans have set another record. It's not a good one, though.

U.S. consumer debt hit an all-time high in October, with borrowing rising by $14.2 billion over September levels, to total $2.75 trillion. But there's a little silver lining in the news: Most of the gain -- 76 percent of it -- came from auto loans and student loans. Only 24 percent reflected a rise in credit card borrowing. That's worth noting, because all debt is not equal.

The bright side
Some debt is not only good, but critical. Without the ability to take out mortgages, for example, most people couldn't afford to buy their own homes. Without student loans, many couldn't afford the educations that can help them earn more throughout their lives. Even car loans have their place.

Better still, these types of loans typically carry relatively low interest rates, at least compared with credit cards. In recent years, of course, interest rates have been near record lows, taking much of the sting out of some of these debts. Consider that the prime rate, which influences many interest rates, has recently been 3.25 percent, but was as high as 11.5 percent in 1989, 13 percent in 1984, and 20 percent in 1980.

The dark side
Then there are other kinds of debt that are more problematic. Even in our current environment of ultra-low interest rates, when a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage features rates of 3.5 percent, the average interest rate on credit cards is about 15 percent. Those mired deep in credit card debt are fighting a tough battle as they try to pay off what they owe while also paying steep sums in interest. A $20,000 debt that's charged 15 percent in interest will eat up a whopping $3,000 annually.

That's the problem with high-interest rate debt: If you don't manage to keep up with your payments, it can snowball, making a bad situation much worse.

So as you consider your overall debt picture, be mindful of taking on these other troublesome kinds of debt:

Borrowing from a 401(k) account is one way to get your hands on money that you want or need, but you can be short-changing your future. All the time that that money is out of the account, it's not growing for you.
Taking out a home equity loan can also be a regrettable move, especially if you use the money to pay off credit card debt. Yes, you can end up with lower rates and payments, but the loan might be stretched out so long that you still end up paying too much. And while credit card debt is unsecured, home equity loans are secured by... your home.
Investors with brokerage accounts can borrow money "on margin" and invest with it. The upside is that you get to invest more money overall. The downside is that you pay for the privilege, and your gains have to exceed your interest cost in order for you to come out ahead. Using margin amplifies your gains, but also your losses. At the Charles Schwab brokerage, recent margin interest rates were 8.5 percent for those with a debit balance of up to $25,000, and 8 percent for balances between $25,000 and $50,000. Considering that the average long-term return for the U.S. stock market has been around 9 percent to 10 percent, with many periods below that, investing on margin is clearly risky.

As you go through life, borrowing now and then in order to buy a home or car, go to school, fix up your house, or just buy a new TV, be smart about it. Avoid all high-interest rate debt, and pay any you have pronto. And only take on low-rate debt when it really makes sense and you can afford it.

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Want a cheap car loan? How does free sound?

Believe it or not, more and more car buyers are being offered 0% interest loans, many with terms as long as 60 months.

Thanks to record-low interest rates, the financing arms of automakers like Toyota (TM) and Ford (F) are able to offer 0% financing to some buyers of selected models, and cheap financing to almost everyone else -- even to folks with less-than-perfect credit.

A not-so-surprising result: Auto sales in the U.S. have been on the rise.

So-So Economy Not Stopping Car Buyers

While auto sales still haven't quite recovered to the levels that were routine before the 2008 economic crisis, new car and truck sales have continued to rise, despite an economy that's still just so-so.

Through August, U.S. sales of "light vehicles" -- cars, SUVs, and pickups -- were up 19.9% over last year. Some automakers have seen even bigger gains: Volkswagen's (VLKAY) sales were up almost 37%, Chrysler's almost 26%.

In fact, the pace of new-vehicle sales is at its highest level since the U.S. government's "Cash for Clunkers" program drove a sharp (but temporary) rise in the summer of 2009.

What's driving those fat gains? Overall slow-but-sure improvements in the economy have surely helped, but cheap -- and easier -- financing has made a big difference.

Easy Credit

It's getting somewhat easier to get loans of all kinds, but the availability of auto loans is improving faster than in some other categories of financing, like mortgages. That's because auto loans tend to have a lower default rate: People who depend on their cars to get to work make an extra effort to stay current on payments.

Most of the major automakers own financing companies. And those "captive financing" operations have made low-cost loans a staple of many car companies' "incentive" offerings. Incentives, which include both cheap-financing and the "cash back" deals often advertised on TV, are typically used by car manufacturers to boost sales of slower-moving models or adjust a new model's pricing relative to its competitors.

On top of offering low-cost loans, those financing operations are often more willing than your local bank to lend to folks with less-than-perfect credit.

Sales of new vehicles to buyers with "Tier B" credit, the industry's term for those with credit scores between 650 and 679, have risen 26% this year, according to a Bloomberg report.

A Good Time to Take Advantage

Here's what it means for consumers: If you need a new car, and you're not planning on paying cash for it, the low cost of financing means that this is a good time to buy.

For instance, on a $25,000 60-month loan, the difference between a 4.5% interest rate and no interest at all is about $50 a month, or roughly $3,000 over the course of the loan.

Not all automakers are offering 0% financing, but more and more are: In addition to Toyota and Ford, Chrysler, General Motors (GM), and Nissan (NSANY) have had 0% offers on some models recently, according to Edmunds.

Of course, not everybody will qualify for 0% financing, and even the automakers that offer it are only making it available on selected models. But no matter what kind of car or truck you're buying, financing is cheaper -- and for most, easier to get -- than it has been in a long time.

Cibc Car Loan

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WASHINGTON (AP) - U.S. consumers borrowed more in November to buy cars and attend school, but stayed cautious with their credit cards.

The Federal Reserve said Tuesday that consumers increased their borrowing in November by $16 billion from October to a seasonally adjusted record of $2.77 trillion.

Borrowing that covers autos and student loans increased $15.2 billion. A category that measures credit card debt rose just $817 million.

The sharp difference in the borrowing gains illustrates a broader trend that began after the Great Recession. Four years ago, Americans carried $1.03 trillion in credit card debt, an all-time high. In November, that figure was 16.5 percent lower.

At the same time, student loan debt has increased dramatically. The category that includes auto and student loans is 22.8 percent higher than in July 2008. Many Americans who have lost jobs have gone back to school to get training for new careers.

The November increase also reflected further gains in auto sales, which grew 13.4 percent in 2012 to top 14 million units for the first time in five years. The need to replace vehicles destroyed by Superstorm Sandy may have also contributed to the gain.

Consumer spending rebounded in November, helped by lower gas prices and solid job growth that carried over into December. Employers added 155,000 jobs in December and 161,000 in November.

Steady hiring may have encouraged consumers to keep borrowing and spending, despite tense negotiations to resolve the fiscal cliff.

Still, some analysts expect borrowing and spending may have slowed in December as those budget talks in Washington intensified. Congress and the White House didn't reach a deal to avert sharp tax increases until Jan. 1. And they delayed tougher decisions about spending cuts for another two months.

Consumer confidence fell in both November and December, which may slow spending in December. Consumer spending drives roughly 70 percent of economic activity.

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Scotiabank Car Loan

That car that's supposed to provide you with the freedom to get you where you want to go may also be one of the many chains tying you down to a job you'd rather ditch. That's because -- over the course of a lifetime -- the average person will spend more than three years at work just to pay for their various sets of wheels.

The folks at eBay Deals recently released a "Trading Time" calculator that lets you figure out how long you have to work to pay for various expenses. It's an eye-opener.

Over a 50-year working lifetime, the typical person will work 157 weeks to generate the cash needed to pay for his or her cars. Then, add in another 50 weeks of work to cover car insurance. Those figures are based on the weekly median gross income. Yours may be higher or lower, of course.

If that doesn't seem like a lot to you, then think about this: You work even longer to pay for your vehicles because you need to figure in taxes and the interest on your car loans. And don't forget all the time in that vehicle commuting or shuttling your kids around.

According to the Trading Time calculator, other major expenses that keep you chained to your desk may include shoes (17 weeks), phone bills (60 weeks) and even toilet paper (two weeks).

Whether you love your job, hate it or or fall somewhere in between, it's helpful to think about the things you spend money on in terms of the amount of time you have to spend working to pay for them. Only you can decide what's really worth it.

Can You Get Back Some of Your Time?

Of course you may have no choice but to drive, and in that case, you may want to look for ways to try to reduce your costs. For example, can you drive a slightly used car instead of a new one? Keep your vehicle longer? Settle for a more economical model?

Another way to cut costs is to improve your credit. With a better credit score, you will qualify for a lower interest rate, which can mean significant savings over the life of the loan. You can see your credit scores for free at Credit.com to determine whether your credit is good. Ideally, you want to review it at least a month before you plan to shop for a vehicle in order to address any issues you uncover. (Give yourself more lead time if your credit isn't great. Here's a guide to help you rebuild your credit. )

Here's an example of the savings you may achieve by boosting your credit. As of June 4, the lowest quoted rate for a $20,000 50-month auto loan with excellent credit on Credit.com is 1.99 percent. That translates into a monthly payment of $411. But for someone with poor credit, the rate jumps to 14.99 percent or a monthly payment of $540.

Scotiabank Car Loan

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Americans have set another record. It's not a good one, though.

U.S. consumer debt hit an all-time high in October, with borrowing rising by $14.2 billion over September levels, to total $2.75 trillion. But there's a little silver lining in the news: Most of the gain -- 76 percent of it -- came from auto loans and student loans. Only 24 percent reflected a rise in credit card borrowing. That's worth noting, because all debt is not equal.

The bright side
Some debt is not only good, but critical. Without the ability to take out mortgages, for example, most people couldn't afford to buy their own homes. Without student loans, many couldn't afford the educations that can help them earn more throughout their lives. Even car loans have their place.

Better still, these types of loans typically carry relatively low interest rates, at least compared with credit cards. In recent years, of course, interest rates have been near record lows, taking much of the sting out of some of these debts. Consider that the prime rate, which influences many interest rates, has recently been 3.25 percent, but was as high as 11.5 percent in 1989, 13 percent in 1984, and 20 percent in 1980.

The dark side
Then there are other kinds of debt that are more problematic. Even in our current environment of ultra-low interest rates, when a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage features rates of 3.5 percent, the average interest rate on credit cards is about 15 percent. Those mired deep in credit card debt are fighting a tough battle as they try to pay off what they owe while also paying steep sums in interest. A $20,000 debt that's charged 15 percent in interest will eat up a whopping $3,000 annually.

That's the problem with high-interest rate debt: If you don't manage to keep up with your payments, it can snowball, making a bad situation much worse.

So as you consider your overall debt picture, be mindful of taking on these other troublesome kinds of debt:

Borrowing from a 401(k) account is one way to get your hands on money that you want or need, but you can be short-changing your future. All the time that that money is out of the account, it's not growing for you.
Taking out a home equity loan can also be a regrettable move, especially if you use the money to pay off credit card debt. Yes, you can end up with lower rates and payments, but the loan might be stretched out so long that you still end up paying too much. And while credit card debt is unsecured, home equity loans are secured by... your home.
Investors with brokerage accounts can borrow money "on margin" and invest with it. The upside is that you get to invest more money overall. The downside is that you pay for the privilege, and your gains have to exceed your interest cost in order for you to come out ahead. Using margin amplifies your gains, but also your losses. At the Charles Schwab brokerage, recent margin interest rates were 8.5 percent for those with a debit balance of up to $25,000, and 8 percent for balances between $25,000 and $50,000. Considering that the average long-term return for the U.S. stock market has been around 9 percent to 10 percent, with many periods below that, investing on margin is clearly risky.

As you go through life, borrowing now and then in order to buy a home or car, go to school, fix up your house, or just buy a new TV, be smart about it. Avoid all high-interest rate debt, and pay any you have pronto. And only take on low-rate debt when it really makes sense and you can afford it.

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Royal Bank Careers

WASHINGTON (AP) - U.S. consumers borrowed more in November to buy cars and attend school, but stayed cautious with their credit cards.

The Federal Reserve said Tuesday that consumers increased their borrowing in November by $16 billion from October to a seasonally adjusted record of $2.77 trillion.

Borrowing that covers autos and student loans increased $15.2 billion. A category that measures credit card debt rose just $817 million.

The sharp difference in the borrowing gains illustrates a broader trend that began after the Great Recession. Four years ago, Americans carried $1.03 trillion in credit card debt, an all-time high. In November, that figure was 16.5 percent lower.

At the same time, student loan debt has increased dramatically. The category that includes auto and student loans is 22.8 percent higher than in July 2008. Many Americans who have lost jobs have gone back to school to get training for new careers.

The November increase also reflected further gains in auto sales, which grew 13.4 percent in 2012 to top 14 million units for the first time in five years. The need to replace vehicles destroyed by Superstorm Sandy may have also contributed to the gain.

Consumer spending rebounded in November, helped by lower gas prices and solid job growth that carried over into December. Employers added 155,000 jobs in December and 161,000 in November.

Steady hiring may have encouraged consumers to keep borrowing and spending, despite tense negotiations to resolve the fiscal cliff.

Still, some analysts expect borrowing and spending may have slowed in December as those budget talks in Washington intensified. Congress and the White House didn't reach a deal to avert sharp tax increases until Jan. 1. And they delayed tougher decisions about spending cuts for another two months.

Consumer confidence fell in both November and December, which may slow spending in December. Consumer spending drives roughly 70 percent of economic activity.

Royal Bank Careers

Instant Loans Canada No Credit Check

That car that's supposed to provide you with the freedom to get you where you want to go may also be one of the many chains tying you down to a job you'd rather ditch. That's because -- over the course of a lifetime -- the average person will spend more than three years at work just to pay for their various sets of wheels.

The folks at eBay Deals recently released a "Trading Time" calculator that lets you figure out how long you have to work to pay for various expenses. It's an eye-opener.

Over a 50-year working lifetime, the typical person will work 157 weeks to generate the cash needed to pay for his or her cars. Then, add in another 50 weeks of work to cover car insurance. Those figures are based on the weekly median gross income. Yours may be higher or lower, of course.

If that doesn't seem like a lot to you, then think about this: You work even longer to pay for your vehicles because you need to figure in taxes and the interest on your car loans. And don't forget all the time in that vehicle commuting or shuttling your kids around.

According to the Trading Time calculator, other major expenses that keep you chained to your desk may include shoes (17 weeks), phone bills (60 weeks) and even toilet paper (two weeks).

Whether you love your job, hate it or or fall somewhere in between, it's helpful to think about the things you spend money on in terms of the amount of time you have to spend working to pay for them. Only you can decide what's really worth it.

Can You Get Back Some of Your Time?

Of course you may have no choice but to drive, and in that case, you may want to look for ways to try to reduce your costs. For example, can you drive a slightly used car instead of a new one? Keep your vehicle longer? Settle for a more economical model?

Another way to cut costs is to improve your credit. With a better credit score, you will qualify for a lower interest rate, which can mean significant savings over the life of the loan. You can see your credit scores for free at Credit.com to determine whether your credit is good. Ideally, you want to review it at least a month before you plan to shop for a vehicle in order to address any issues you uncover. (Give yourself more lead time if your credit isn't great. Here's a guide to help you rebuild your credit. )

Here's an example of the savings you may achieve by boosting your credit. As of June 4, the lowest quoted rate for a $20,000 50-month auto loan with excellent credit on Credit.com is 1.99 percent. That translates into a monthly payment of $411. But for someone with poor credit, the rate jumps to 14.99 percent or a monthly payment of $540.

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Once you lose your home in foreclosure, the logic goes, you are kicked to the curb financially. Popular wisdom says that nobody will lend you a dime, let you co-sign on your son's college loan, finance a new car or issue you a new credit card. And certainly nobody will again loan you money to buy another house. Well, let's bust that myth today.

While the typical FHA and Freddie Mac-backed loans can take 48 months or longer to forgive you your financial indiscretions, Michigan loan broker Jeff Tufford of Monarch Mortgage Consulting just got Greg Bailey a 4.5% 30-year fixed rate loan on a new home in Fenton, Mich. just 18 months after Bailey lost his house in a foreclosure.Bailey, a master plumber, had had solid credit before his foreclosure and had mitigating circumstances for falling behind in his payments: His wife got the house in their divorce and although his name was still on the loan, he said he was unaware that she had fallen behind in making payments. Bailey, 42, kept up with all his bills, made all his payments on time, and he continued to hold his job. He was able to restore his credit rating quickly to the magic number of 620. At 620, you get to play ball again. It was that simple. He bought a new house for $85,000 and was able to get a 30-year fixed-rate loan at 4.5% interest for $93,000 that rolled all the closing costs into it.

Greg Bailey in front of his new houseWhile Bailey's case indeed happened, it is clearly the exception, not the rule.

Laurie Giles, attorney and author of the "What Now?" series of financial guides, says that even up to a year ago, a foreclosure was a financial black eye that didn't heal for up to seven years. Now, she says, things are different. Mitigating factors -- the loss of a job, a death in the family, divorce -- in the foreclosure are looked at, as is how the borrower has handled his money post-foreclosure.

"The market simply has had to respond differently because of the sheer number of people in this situation," Giles said. "There is just no way it can hurt for seven years."

The key, she said, is convincing lenders that you didn't just cavalierly walk away from your mortgage obligation, and that you have rebuilt your finances in a responsible way: saving up, living within your means, paying bills on time.

But don't kid yourself: Life post-foreclosure can mean life without credit. Foreclosure affects everything. You likely can't even rent a car unless you pay cash. It impacts your auto insurance (you will pay a higher rate), and may even be a red flag to potential employers who check your credit.

Giles suggests that people in the foreclosure pipeline keep current on their credit cards. You won't be able to open a new credit card account once you foreclose, but you can keep the ones you have -- assuming you aren't overextended there too.

Forget getting a car loan -- auto loans generally require a higher credit score than mortgage loans -- and you won't likely be putting away any major appliances on lay-away at Sears. If your child is looking for a government-backed college loan, your foreclosure could easily get in the way.

None of this comes as news to Los Angeles film-maker Kenny Golde. He lost his home in foreclosure last April, after three attempted loan modifications. He had owned it for five years. He managed to pay off his $200,000 in credit card debt and is now renting a home. His credit score plummeted but he already owned his car and hasn't had to try and use his credit score for anything since the foreclosure.

The biggest lesson he says he learned was how to "let go of the emotional side of financial troubles -- the fear, stress, guilt and shame that comes from missing credit card payments or losing a home."

He turned the experience into a book called The Do-It-Yourself Bailout, and now coaches others on how to move past the experience emotionally.

Jason Biro, founder of Saving Your American Dream, a group that provides counseling and aid to those suffering from housing hardships, adds this idea to the mix for those who are navigating the post-foreclosure waters.

"Consider a lease purchase," he said. A lease purchase is a contract that includes the option of buying the home you are renting at a later date at a predetermined agreed-upon price. Each month, a portion of your rent is applied toward the sale price.

Another option is to find a seller willing to hold a loan for you when the banks won't. An uphill quest, for sure, but remember that most sellers today are eager to move on just as much as you are. You might find one more sympathetic than the institutional lender -- and at least you can plead your case that you've financially reformed to someone without hours on hold.

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WASHINGTON (AP) - U.S. consumers borrowed more in November to buy cars and attend school, but stayed cautious with their credit cards.

The Federal Reserve said Tuesday that consumers increased their borrowing in November by $16 billion from October to a seasonally adjusted record of $2.77 trillion.

Borrowing that covers autos and student loans increased $15.2 billion. A category that measures credit card debt rose just $817 million.

The sharp difference in the borrowing gains illustrates a broader trend that began after the Great Recession. Four years ago, Americans carried $1.03 trillion in credit card debt, an all-time high. In November, that figure was 16.5 percent lower.

At the same time, student loan debt has increased dramatically. The category that includes auto and student loans is 22.8 percent higher than in July 2008. Many Americans who have lost jobs have gone back to school to get training for new careers.

The November increase also reflected further gains in auto sales, which grew 13.4 percent in 2012 to top 14 million units for the first time in five years. The need to replace vehicles destroyed by Superstorm Sandy may have also contributed to the gain.

Consumer spending rebounded in November, helped by lower gas prices and solid job growth that carried over into December. Employers added 155,000 jobs in December and 161,000 in November.

Steady hiring may have encouraged consumers to keep borrowing and spending, despite tense negotiations to resolve the fiscal cliff.

Still, some analysts expect borrowing and spending may have slowed in December as those budget talks in Washington intensified. Congress and the White House didn't reach a deal to avert sharp tax increases until Jan. 1. And they delayed tougher decisions about spending cuts for another two months.

Consumer confidence fell in both November and December, which may slow spending in December. Consumer spending drives roughly 70 percent of economic activity.

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Grandma and Gramps are not doing well. In fact, the state of finances for the elderly is a shambles.

Let's start with falling home prices. The AARP found that between 2007 and 2011, "3.5 million loans held by people age 50 or older were underwater, 600,000 were in foreclosure, and another 625,000 were 90 or more days delinquent." And that doesn't include the 1.5 million seniors who lost their homes during that period.
Surprisingly, another source of distress for seniors is student loans. A shocking 2.2 million Americans age 60 or older have student loan debt, with an average balance of $19,521, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

When the going got tough, Grandma and Grandpa did what those of any age do -- turned to credit cards. But in their case, credit card debt has been a major factor in driving them to declare bankruptcy. Between 1991 and 2007, the number of people ages 65 to 74 seeking bankruptcy rose 178 percent. Even worse, among those 75 and older, the number seeking bankruptcy was up 567 percent!

In a paper analyzing the data from a Consumer Bankruptcy Project, law professor John Pottow writes that "the median elder debtor in bankruptcy carries fifty percent more credit card debt than the median younger filer."

And to top it all off, these folks have little to no savings: Two-thirds of those age 75 or older have absolutely nothing money left in their retirement accounts, and have little hope of finding a decent job to help them make ends meet.

So What Happens When Grandma's Gone?

While those elderly individuals who do file for bankruptcy won't leave behind massive debts, those who remain committed to paying down their bills -- but die before they successfully do so -- can place a burden on their heirs.

Luckily, most kinds of debt cannot legally be transferred to a deceased person's heirs. But that doesn't mean you're entirely immune to Grandma's bills.

Let's take a look at what happens to the major kinds of debt when an elderly relative passes on.

1. Mortgage. A mortgage is a secured loan: Simply put, there is collateral (the property) that guarantees the balance. As such, mortgages are not forgiven when a borrower passes away. They passes on to the deceased's estate. If the estate has enough cash to cover the remaining mortgage balance, it can be used to pay off the loan and the heirs can take ownership of the house. Or, you can assume the mortgage, i.e., put it in your name or leave it in the original owner's name, but continue to pay it normally. Or you can refinance. And of course, there's always the option of selling the house to repay the remaining balance of the loan.

But if the mortgage is upside down, you're not stuck; there are ways to walk away from a bad mortgage left to you by a relative.

2. Car loan. Car loans, too, are a form of secured debt. As such, an heir can, with consent of the lender, assume a car loan, or refinance it. Otherwise, you'll either need to use the estate's cash to pay off the car loan so the heirs can take ownership of the vehicle, or the car will need to be sold to repay the remainder of the debt.

3. Personal loan. Although theses debts are usually unsecured -- i.e., there was no collateral put up against the loan -- they do still pass on to the estate. The executor's primary responsibility is to use the estate's assets to satisfy the deceased's remaining debts. If the assets cannot completely cover all the remaining debts, the executor usually divides up the money, and pays each debtor an equal percentage of what they are owed.

4. Student loan. Federally insured student loans are forgiven upon death. No repayment by heirs is necessary -- simply contact the lender or loan servicer and send them a copy of the death certificate (and possibly wait quite a bit for the paperwork to be complete, with involving the government and all). Unfortunately, private student loan debt is not forgiven and falls to the estate similar to those other loans mentioned above.

5. Credit card. Like personal loans, if there are enough assets remaining in the estate to cover the debt, it must be applied to outstanding credit card debt. If there is no remaining money, the credit card company usually writes off the debt.

Of Course, It's Not Always That Simple

If any of the debt was incurred with a cosigner, the burden of debt typically falls entirely onto the other party who signed the loan.

What's more, different states treat debt differently. Certain states are community property states; in these, any assets accumulated during the duration of a marriage are considered joint assets and, in some cases, so are debts -- regardless of whether both parties signed the loan. Meaning if your estranged -- but not officially divorced -- spouse has an outstanding loan from the time you were married, it could still fall back onto you, regardless of your current relationship with them.

Also, not all of a deceased person's assets become part of the estate. IRAs, 401(k)s, brokerage accounts -- even life insurance payouts -- all pass through, untouched, to the designated beneficiaries. These amounts, therefore, are not taken into consideration when determining whether or not an estate has enough funds to satisfy their debts.

So What Can and Should You Do?

First, if you are the child or grandchild of someone whose finances seem to be in trouble, it's important that you discuss it with them. It's not always easy, but being open, honest, and working together to craft a plan now can save you countless hours of stress later -- and provide your loved one with the assurance that when they pass on, they aren't leaving you with an unpleasant burden.

Second, remind co-signers about any loans they are still listed on. It's also important to go through and update beneficiaries on those accounts that do directly pass through without becoming part of the estate.

Lastly, if you're over the age of 50, think twice about incurring new debt. It should be a last resort, an emergency-only option -- both for your own peace of mind as well as that of your loved ones.

Making the right financial decisions today makes a world of difference in your golden years - to both you and your loved ones. But most people aren't prepared. Don't make the same mistakes as the masses. Learn about The Shocking Can't-Miss Truth About Your Retirement in this special free report from The Motley Fool.

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TV ads promising extra money each month through an auto loan modification may be tempting, but be wary of scams, warns the Delaware chapter of the Better Business Bureau.

"Auto loan modification companies are following in the footsteps of unscrupulous mortgage modification companies which have long targeted struggling families who are just trying to stay above water," Delaware chapter president Christine Sauers said. "Some companies may make it look like they are tossing out a life preserver, but they end up pulling many borrowers deeper underwater."

Manheim, an international reseller of vehicles, says in its used car report that 1.9 million vehicles were repossessed in 2009; it expects that rate to drop slightly in 2010.

BBB has complaints nationwide against one Florida-based company, Auto Relief Group. Some consumers allege they paid hundreds of dollars in upfront fees to get their monthly payments reduced, but that didn't happen. That same company has been sued by the Florida attorney general's office.

Before you enlist the services of an auto loan modification company, the BBB recommends that you:

Start with the lender and see if a more convenient payment plan is available.
Check out the company with the local BBB chapter which can tell you if there are any complaints, government actions or lawsuits against the business.
Ask about advance fees. Some states don't allow companies to charge upfront fees for financial services and requiring money first should be a red flag even if the company offers a money-back guarantee.
Get the deal in writing and make sure the company tells you what its services are and its terms including refund policies.

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Want a cheap car loan? How does free sound?

Believe it or not, more and more car buyers are being offered 0% interest loans, many with terms as long as 60 months.

Thanks to record-low interest rates, the financing arms of automakers like Toyota (TM) and Ford (F) are able to offer 0% financing to some buyers of selected models, and cheap financing to almost everyone else -- even to folks with less-than-perfect credit.

A not-so-surprising result: Auto sales in the U.S. have been on the rise.

So-So Economy Not Stopping Car Buyers

While auto sales still haven't quite recovered to the levels that were routine before the 2008 economic crisis, new car and truck sales have continued to rise, despite an economy that's still just so-so.

Through August, U.S. sales of "light vehicles" -- cars, SUVs, and pickups -- were up 19.9% over last year. Some automakers have seen even bigger gains: Volkswagen's (VLKAY) sales were up almost 37%, Chrysler's almost 26%.

In fact, the pace of new-vehicle sales is at its highest level since the U.S. government's "Cash for Clunkers" program drove a sharp (but temporary) rise in the summer of 2009.

What's driving those fat gains? Overall slow-but-sure improvements in the economy have surely helped, but cheap -- and easier -- financing has made a big difference.

Easy Credit

It's getting somewhat easier to get loans of all kinds, but the availability of auto loans is improving faster than in some other categories of financing, like mortgages. That's because auto loans tend to have a lower default rate: People who depend on their cars to get to work make an extra effort to stay current on payments.

Most of the major automakers own financing companies. And those "captive financing" operations have made low-cost loans a staple of many car companies' "incentive" offerings. Incentives, which include both cheap-financing and the "cash back" deals often advertised on TV, are typically used by car manufacturers to boost sales of slower-moving models or adjust a new model's pricing relative to its competitors.

On top of offering low-cost loans, those financing operations are often more willing than your local bank to lend to folks with less-than-perfect credit.

Sales of new vehicles to buyers with "Tier B" credit, the industry's term for those with credit scores between 650 and 679, have risen 26% this year, according to a Bloomberg report.

A Good Time to Take Advantage

Here's what it means for consumers: If you need a new car, and you're not planning on paying cash for it, the low cost of financing means that this is a good time to buy.

For instance, on a $25,000 60-month loan, the difference between a 4.5% interest rate and no interest at all is about $50 a month, or roughly $3,000 over the course of the loan.

Not all automakers are offering 0% financing, but more and more are: In addition to Toyota and Ford, Chrysler, General Motors (GM), and Nissan (NSANY) have had 0% offers on some models recently, according to Edmunds.

Of course, not everybody will qualify for 0% financing, and even the automakers that offer it are only making it available on selected models. But no matter what kind of car or truck you're buying, financing is cheaper -- and for most, easier to get -- than it has been in a long time.

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The fallout from the 2008 financial crisis still plagues would-be borrowers. Banks are still being pretty stingy about extending credit these days. Credit cards aren't nearly as easy to get as they were a few years ago. And ordinary folks are finding that only borrowers with high credit scores are being considered for a mortgage.

But there's one big exception, and it may be having a big effect on the economy: auto loans.

U.S. auto sales haven't yet returned to their pre-recession highs, but they've been surprisingly strong. Total sales of "light vehicles" -- cars, pickups, and SUVs -- were up 14.8% in the first half of 2012, and they're still picking up steam.

But what's driving it? After all, unemployment remains high, and many people who are employed have seen their earnings decline. Lots of folks have seen their credit ratings dented. It can't be easy for all those people to be buying new cars, can it?

Maybe it can be that easy for those with roughed-up credit to buy a car.

Subprime Loans Driving Auto Sales

It turns out that auto lending is one place where the banks are willing to be a little loose -- maybe even more than a little relaxed about lending standards.

New auto loans from banks totaled $47.5 billion in the first quarter of 2012. According to credit bureau Equifax, that's a seven-year high. Automotive finance companies added another $52.5 billion, says Equifax, up 49% from three years ago.

A lot of those loans are subprime loans.

A recent report from financial data firm Experian shows that the percentage of new auto loans going to subprime borrowers -- people with credit scores below about 680 -- has increased significantly in the last year, just as auto sales have taken off.

Some automakers are benefiting more from this than others. The Detroit News reported recently that Chrysler, whose sales were up a whopping 30% in the first half of 2012, has a special relationship with an arm of Spanish bank Santander (SAN) that specializes in subprime lending. That, experts say, has probably been a key contributor to Chrysler's recent success.

Is It Time to Worry?

Not necessarily. For one thing, default rates on auto loans are lower than they have been in years -- even as the percentage of loans going to subprime borrowers has risen. And defaults on auto loans tend to be less common than defaults on mortgages in general, probably because it's so easy for a lender to repossess a car -- and so hard for many people to get by without one.

And finally, this rise in subprime lending may just be a feature of the times we live in.

Many people had top-notch credit for years but because of the tough economy, have seen their credit dinged by unavoidable circumstances. Now that they're back on their feet, those people are probably still pretty good candidates for a loan. If banks are now starting to see that, it's probably a good thing.

At the time of publication, Motley Fool contributor John Rosevear owned shares of Ford and General Motors. The Motley Fool owns shares of Ford. Motley Fool newsletter services have recommended buying shares of Ford and General Motors and have recommended creating a synthetic long position in Ford.

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General Motors will once again have its own in-house financing unit beginning Friday, when the auto giant closes on its $3.5 billion purchase of AmeriCredit (ACF). The new unit, to be renamed General Motors Financial, will allow the automaker to offer consumers more financing and leasing options, GM said in a written statement.

"This acquisition allows GM to offer an enhanced range of solutions for our customers and dealers, and establishes an important strategic capability for GM," said Chief Financial Officer Chris Liddell.

AmeriCredit shareholders voted to approve the purchase at a meeting Wednesday at the company's headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas.

Having an in-house financing arm gives GM greater control over the loan and lease deals it can offer consumers, including nonprime loans, in which AmeriCredit specializes. That greater flexibility, combined with desirable products, could help the automaker regain some of its declining share of the domestic auto market -- and aid in attracting investor interest to its planned initial public offering in November.

"When you own somebody, you can tell them what to do," Former GM CEO Edward Whitacre told The Detroit News last month. Whitacre said further that the deal would boost the automaker's public offering. "It strengthens the IPO because it shows we have a credit organization just like Ford Motor (F) and Toyota Motor (TM)."

GM Will Keep Working With GMAC/Ally

GM once owned GMAC, but sold its stake in the finance arm for $7.4 billion three years ago to raise cash. GMAC, now known as Ally Financial, still supplies loans to GM, as well as to Chrysler Group.

GM's purchase of AmeriCredit was a swift one. The all-cash transaction, which values each share of AmeriCredit at $24.50, was just announced in July. The companies have been working together since September 2009, when they began a program to offer nonprime loans, allowing GM to significantly boost sales to customers with less-than-stellar credit.

In its statement Wednesday, GM said "key partners," including Ally Financial, will continue to provide financial products, such as dealer financing and financing for prime customers.

In the second quarter, Ally financed 36% of GM's new retail sales in the U.S. and Canada, up from 28% last year, the Detroit Free Press reported. Ally also financed 86% of dealers' new-vehicle inventory at the end of June, in line with the 85% it financed a year earlier.

GM sought earlier this year to reacquire Ally, but the lender declined GM's overtures, leading to the automaker's decision to purchase AmeriCredit.

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We all remember the subprime mortgage crisis. The financial system was thrown into chaos, and many homeowners lost their homes during these dark days.

Fortunately, the vast powers of the Federal Reserve were summoned to help stabilize the housing market, and along with it, the entire economy. The Fed worked its monetary magic, and the housing market is finally returning to normal.

However, there is another crisis brewing just under the economy's surface.

The sector this potential crisis is in isn't as large as the subprime mortgage sector, but it's still a $27 billion sector, according to Forbes magazine. In fact, Forbes reports that 1 in 4 Americans may be participants in this potential crisis.

Driving Toward a New Economic Cliff

I became aware of this potential time bomb last year. A close friend was financially destroyed by the subprime mortgage crisis. He is an investor and was overleveraged on more than a dozen investment properties. He was finally forced to declare bankruptcy to get out from under the mountain of debt.

Within a week of the bankruptcy filing, he started getting letters from companies like Wells Fargo (WFC) and General Motors (GM). While my friend was used to getting nasty letters from banks and finance companies, these letters were very different. These were not demand letters challenging his bankruptcy, threatening lawsuits or anything the least bit negative. Believe it or not, these letters were pre-approval letters for auto credit!

In fact, one financial company actually sent my bankrupt friend a check for $30,000 to be used at any participating auto dealer for the car of his choice. He took the check and bought a used BMW.

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I couldn't believe it. Here's a bankrupt guy with a credit score in the low 400s, working a menial labor job, with automobile credit being thrown at him by several large and reputable lenders. These were not the "buy here, pay here" sharks at the corner used-car lot.

While I was happy for my friend, I was reminded strongly of the subprime mortgage crisis. Folks with really bad credit and sketchy employment were able to get mortgages that they really couldn't afford during the subprime mortgage crisis.

Now the same thing is happening with auto loans.

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The Numbers Behind the Looming Bust

I have started to see more and more advertising for this type of lending, raising the question of whether the subprime auto loan market will explode like the subprime mortgage market. I wondered, if this situation is truly a financial bubble, when will it burst -- and how can I best position myself to profit?

After asking these questions, I thought of John Paulson making $3.7 billion during the collapse of the subprime mortgage market. The thought of replicating just a tiny fraction of Paulson's success motivated me to find the answer. Here's what I discovered.

Bloomberg has reported the average loan to value, or LTV, for subprime auto loans has increased to 114.5 percent this year from 112 percent in 2010. Loan to value is a measure of the money lent as a percentage of the market value of the asset. A 114.5 percent LTV means that the auto loan is for 14.5 percent more than the actual value of the car. For comparison, the average LTV of subprime auto loans in 2008 maxed out at 121 percent.

This increase in LTV is signaling greater competition and a decrease in underwriting guidelines in the subprime auto sector. In other words, more and riskier loans are being made.

Subprime auto lender Exeter Finance, recently acquired by the Blackstone Group (BX), has reported an increase in late payments from 5 percent in 2012 to 7.8 percent this year. However, it's important to note that subprime lenders Banco Santander's (SAN) U.S. consumer unit and GM Financial have reported lower loan losses from 2010 loans than losses from loans originated in 2007 and 2008.

How to Profit If the Bubble Bursts

GM, which is heavily involved in subprime lending, has improved dramatically since its pre-bailout days. The company has posted more than $1 billion in net income in each of the past four quarters.

However, 88 percent of GM's North American consumer finance receivables are firmly in the subprime category. In fact, GM listed consumer receivables 31 or more days late at $1.1 billion, a 34 percent increase from last year. Making matters worse, auto dealers with weak financials currently owe GM nearly $1.6 billion, per Bloomberg. This is up from just $12 million, indicating a radical increase.

The question is, can GM remain profitable after the U.S. Treasury pulls completely out? Remember, the Treasury Department filed its final plan to close out its GM holdings in September.

I think GM made the mistake of placing short-term profits before long-term goals with its aggressive pursuit of highly risky subprime loans. As more and more subprime borrowers default, GM's bottom line will be hurt substantially. No company can withstand massive defaults of loans.

The technical picture shows a double top in the $41.50 range on the daily chart. I would not be surprised to see General Motors trading at $28 within the next 15 months.

Risks To Consider: Shorting any stock can be very risky due to the theoretical unlimited upside. Be sure to always use stop-loss orders and diversify when investing.

Action to Take: I like General Motors as a short if price drops below $40 on a daily close. Placing initial stops at $42 and a target price of $28 makes solid investing sense.

P.S. Are you terrible at knowing when to sell? You're not the only one. Fortunately, a former trust fund manager created a two-part blueprint that reveals when to sell... and when to buy. It's been 85 percent accurate for over four years -- and just closed out a 70 percent gain. Click here to access it now.

David Goodboy does not personally hold positions in any securities mentioned in this article.
StreetAuthority LLC does not hold positions in any securities mentioned in this article.

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TV ads promising extra money each month through an auto loan modification may be tempting, but be wary of scams, warns the Delaware chapter of the Better Business Bureau.

"Auto loan modification companies are following in the footsteps of unscrupulous mortgage modification companies which have long targeted struggling families who are just trying to stay above water," Delaware chapter president Christine Sauers said. "Some companies may make it look like they are tossing out a life preserver, but they end up pulling many borrowers deeper underwater."

Manheim, an international reseller of vehicles, says in its used car report that 1.9 million vehicles were repossessed in 2009; it expects that rate to drop slightly in 2010.

BBB has complaints nationwide against one Florida-based company, Auto Relief Group. Some consumers allege they paid hundreds of dollars in upfront fees to get their monthly payments reduced, but that didn't happen. That same company has been sued by the Florida attorney general's office.

Before you enlist the services of an auto loan modification company, the BBB recommends that you:

Start with the lender and see if a more convenient payment plan is available.
Check out the company with the local BBB chapter which can tell you if there are any complaints, government actions or lawsuits against the business.
Ask about advance fees. Some states don't allow companies to charge upfront fees for financial services and requiring money first should be a red flag even if the company offers a money-back guarantee.
Get the deal in writing and make sure the company tells you what its services are and its terms including refund policies.

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Millions of homeowners have garnered huge savings in recent years from one simple move: refinancing their mortgages. Now, the refinancing craze has spread to an unexpected industry: car loans.

Plunging interest rates have been bad news for savers, but borrowers couldn't be happier. Mortgage rates have dropped around 3 percentage points from their levels just four years ago. That has translated into hundreds or even thousands of dollars in monthly savings on mortgages.

But the idea of refinancing a car loan never even occurs to many borrowers. After all, with many owners choosing to buy new vehicles even before their loans are paid off, it's often easier just to take advantage of financing deals from new-car dealers. Moreover, cars typically lose their value so quickly that the loans turn upside down -- meaning that the outstanding loan is more than the car is worth, making refinancing a tough proposition.

Still, the practice is growing in popularity. A recent SmartMoney article cited figures that showed auto refinancing applications have risen by about 30% from year-ago levels. Even a modest drop in interest rate can create real savings, and unlike mortgage refinancing, the costs of getting a car loan refinanced are low. That lets borrowers reach the breakeven point on a refinance easily.

Should You Do It?

If you have a car loan with a fairly high interest rate, you have nothing to lose by attempting take advantage of low rates by refinancing. Doing so could cut your monthly payment significantly.

But beware of catches and gimmicks. If you try to refinance through a dealer, don't fall for sales pitches trying to sell you unrelated products like warranty protection. Instead, emphasize your value to the dealer, not just with this transaction but with the promise of future business. That way, you'll hopefully get the best deal you possibly can.

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Grandma and Gramps are not doing well. In fact, the state of finances for the elderly is a shambles.

Let's start with falling home prices. The AARP found that between 2007 and 2011, "3.5 million loans held by people age 50 or older were underwater, 600,000 were in foreclosure, and another 625,000 were 90 or more days delinquent." And that doesn't include the 1.5 million seniors who lost their homes during that period.
Surprisingly, another source of distress for seniors is student loans. A shocking 2.2 million Americans age 60 or older have student loan debt, with an average balance of $19,521, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

When the going got tough, Grandma and Grandpa did what those of any age do -- turned to credit cards. But in their case, credit card debt has been a major factor in driving them to declare bankruptcy. Between 1991 and 2007, the number of people ages 65 to 74 seeking bankruptcy rose 178 percent. Even worse, among those 75 and older, the number seeking bankruptcy was up 567 percent!

In a paper analyzing the data from a Consumer Bankruptcy Project, law professor John Pottow writes that "the median elder debtor in bankruptcy carries fifty percent more credit card debt than the median younger filer."

And to top it all off, these folks have little to no savings: Two-thirds of those age 75 or older have absolutely nothing money left in their retirement accounts, and have little hope of finding a decent job to help them make ends meet.

So What Happens When Grandma's Gone?

While those elderly individuals who do file for bankruptcy won't leave behind massive debts, those who remain committed to paying down their bills -- but die before they successfully do so -- can place a burden on their heirs.

Luckily, most kinds of debt cannot legally be transferred to a deceased person's heirs. But that doesn't mean you're entirely immune to Grandma's bills.

Let's take a look at what happens to the major kinds of debt when an elderly relative passes on.

1. Mortgage. A mortgage is a secured loan: Simply put, there is collateral (the property) that guarantees the balance. As such, mortgages are not forgiven when a borrower passes away. They passes on to the deceased's estate. If the estate has enough cash to cover the remaining mortgage balance, it can be used to pay off the loan and the heirs can take ownership of the house. Or, you can assume the mortgage, i.e., put it in your name or leave it in the original owner's name, but continue to pay it normally. Or you can refinance. And of course, there's always the option of selling the house to repay the remaining balance of the loan.

But if the mortgage is upside down, you're not stuck; there are ways to walk away from a bad mortgage left to you by a relative.

2. Car loan. Car loans, too, are a form of secured debt. As such, an heir can, with consent of the lender, assume a car loan, or refinance it. Otherwise, you'll either need to use the estate's cash to pay off the car loan so the heirs can take ownership of the vehicle, or the car will need to be sold to repay the remainder of the debt.

3. Personal loan. Although theses debts are usually unsecured -- i.e., there was no collateral put up against the loan -- they do still pass on to the estate. The executor's primary responsibility is to use the estate's assets to satisfy the deceased's remaining debts. If the assets cannot completely cover all the remaining debts, the executor usually divides up the money, and pays each debtor an equal percentage of what they are owed.

4. Student loan. Federally insured student loans are forgiven upon death. No repayment by heirs is necessary -- simply contact the lender or loan servicer and send them a copy of the death certificate (and possibly wait quite a bit for the paperwork to be complete, with involving the government and all). Unfortunately, private student loan debt is not forgiven and falls to the estate similar to those other loans mentioned above.

5. Credit card. Like personal loans, if there are enough assets remaining in the estate to cover the debt, it must be applied to outstanding credit card debt. If there is no remaining money, the credit card company usually writes off the debt.

Of Course, It's Not Always That Simple

If any of the debt was incurred with a cosigner, the burden of debt typically falls entirely onto the other party who signed the loan.

What's more, different states treat debt differently. Certain states are community property states; in these, any assets accumulated during the duration of a marriage are considered joint assets and, in some cases, so are debts -- regardless of whether both parties signed the loan. Meaning if your estranged -- but not officially divorced -- spouse has an outstanding loan from the time you were married, it could still fall back onto you, regardless of your current relationship with them.

Also, not all of a deceased person's assets become part of the estate. IRAs, 401(k)s, brokerage accounts -- even life insurance payouts -- all pass through, untouched, to the designated beneficiaries. These amounts, therefore, are not taken into consideration when determining whether or not an estate has enough funds to satisfy their debts.

So What Can and Should You Do?

First, if you are the child or grandchild of someone whose finances seem to be in trouble, it's important that you discuss it with them. It's not always easy, but being open, honest, and working together to craft a plan now can save you countless hours of stress later -- and provide your loved one with the assurance that when they pass on, they aren't leaving you with an unpleasant burden.

Second, remind co-signers about any loans they are still listed on. It's also important to go through and update beneficiaries on those accounts that do directly pass through without becoming part of the estate.

Lastly, if you're over the age of 50, think twice about incurring new debt. It should be a last resort, an emergency-only option -- both for your own peace of mind as well as that of your loved ones.

Making the right financial decisions today makes a world of difference in your golden years - to both you and your loved ones. But most people aren't prepared. Don't make the same mistakes as the masses. Learn about The Shocking Can't-Miss Truth About Your Retirement in this special free report from The Motley Fool.

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After two years of relative frugality caused by the financial crisis, Americans are again borrowing in a big way. Credit card debt is spiraling upwards, car loans are fueling big sales in Detroit and even stock market investors are loading up on debt.

A series of data releases about consumer borrowing this week paints a picture of an economy that's rebounding smartly from its earlier doldrums. But have consumers learned any lessons about loading up on the red ink?

According to the Federal Reserve, outstanding consumer revolving debt, which is mainly credit cards, increased from $807.2 billion in November to $826.6 billion in December, a 2.5% increase in a single month. Outstanding nonrevolving debt, such as auto loans, rose from $1.608 trillion in November to $1.611 trillion in December. Automakers have reported a sharp increase in sales in the fourth quarter, with Detroit taking the lion's share of the jump.

The New York Stock Exchange released data showing that margin credit -- money investors borrow to buy shares -- increased to $276 billion in December, up from $233 billion at the start of the year. That reflects a sharply higher stock market but also an increased appetite for borrowing.

Combined, the two reports raise a key question: Is America releverging?

"Not Grounded in Reality"

The increase in monthly credit card outstanding balances was the first reported rise in 27 months. But Odysseas Papadimitriou, CEO of Evolution Finance, which publishes a credit card comparison site called cardhub.com, says the Fed's figures may significantly underestimate the actual increase in borrowing.

That's because the Fed include charge-offs of credit card debt that consumers can't pay. Assuming charge-offs were around $5 billion in December, Papadimitriou says outstanding debt may have grown by $25 billion instead of $19.6 billion, 20% more than the Fed reported.

"There is a segment of the population whose expectations are not grounded in reality," Papadimitriou says. "They think their spending can go back to pre-recession levels, when in fact the housing bubble was responsible for allowing them to have that level of spending."

Nonetheless, Adam Levin, chairman of credit-counseling website credit.com says he has detected a new sense of frugality among consumers.

In a poll credit.com conducted last month, when asked how they intended to deal with their holiday debt, 60% of respondents said they are planning to pay the debt in full, 13% said they would carry a credit card balance and 26% said they came out of the holidays with no debt. Last year, only 45% said they intended to pay off their debt in full.

"A New Sense of Frugality"

"People were feeling better and spent, but they were a bit more frugal," Levin says. "That could be because they were forced to banks shut down a lot of accounts and raised credit limits because they are fearful of what may be an uncertain economy or because there is a new sense of frugality basically branded into us, based on what we have lived through in the past few years."

Levin says credit card solicitations were much higher this year than last year, but they were mainly aimed at consumers with high credit scores.

However, another Fed survey does show a loosening of credit, saying "banks again reported an increased willingness to make consumer installment loans, and a small net fraction of respondents reported easing standards for approving consumer credit card applications."

While consumer spending is great for the economy, is increased borrowing good for the consumer? It is -- if it's done prudently, within one's income limits. But it will lead to only more trouble if new borrowings are being used to fund purchases that can't be easily paid off.

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Buying a car brings on the stress no matter how you slice it -- especially if you wind up slicing a lemon.

From betting on a good price for your old car and scrimping dough for the down payment to picking out the make and model that best fits your family and lifestyle, you've got a lot to think about ... and a lot to watch out for. That "great price" you're getting for your old car may be nullified by inflated costs on the new one, or draconian loan terms, one of the sleaziest car-sales tactics in the book.
Indeed, consumer advocates say Americans often let their guard down too early and get taken for a ride when it comes to their car loan. Not ready to get the raw end of the deal? Read on to find out what you need to know to protect yourself from landing in a bad loan pothole.

Chris Kukla, senior counsel for government affairs at the Center for Responsible Lending, stresses that dealerships don't just make money on the car itself. "The dealer's going to try to sell you on a whole other host of products. The finance office is responsible for about 50% of dealer profits," Kukla says, so don't let your guard down when you sit down to sign the contract.

"They sell credit insurance, extended warranties, vehicle service contracts, security systems, tire and wheel protection and gap coverage," Kukla explains. "If you finance through the dealer, you're going to have to face that gauntlet."

These ancillary products are always pitched as ways to "protect" your new investment; dealerships bank on the fact that customers will feel so mentally worn out from the buying process that they'll think, "Gee, that sounds like a smart move." In reality, says Kukla, it's only a smart move for them.

Though recent legislation has cracked down on sneaky lending practices when it comes to mortgage loans and credit cards, auto dealers banded together and lobbied Congress for exemption from the new rules -- selling Washington on the idea as only car salesmen can.

"It's particularly unfortunate that the auto dealers were exempted," says Steve Verdier, executive vice president and director of congressional affairs at the Independent Community Bankers of America, who calls this a "Wild West" situation. "There really was no substantive justification for that at all from a consumer standpoint," he says. Patrick Keefe, spokesman for Credit Union National Association, confirmed to WalletPop that it's a buyer-beware market out there when it comes to car loans.

As a result, auto financing takes place without a lot of the oversight many Americans just assume is part of any financial transaction. Dealerships can -- and do -- mark up the rates they get from banks, and get to pocket the difference between the bank's rate and what you pay. "Car dealers can increase your rate, and they're under no obligation to tell you the markup exists," warns Kukla. Your best bet, he says, is to shop around so you know what the current rates are, then get approved for a loan on your own.

In my recent experience, that's exactly how things played out. My husband and I were looking for a new car, and the one we'd picked out didn't have any special financing incentives, so we did plenty of legwork to make sure we got the best rate we could find. Although the dealership assured us we could finance through them and get the same rates as by shopping around, we shopped around anyway, calling or visiting a handful of local bank and credit union branches in the two weeks leading up to the day when we decided to get the car. (We didn't share this schedule with the dealership, though, since we still wanted to haggle and didn't want to tip our hand too early.) We secured what we thought was a very good rate, lower than anything else we'd seen, at a credit union near our home.

We'd also figured out how much we wanted to pay for the car and how much we'd need to finance -- so we had a good sense of how much we'd need to borrow when we met with the loan officer at the credit union. After we got approved, we went back to the dealership and hammered out the purchase price of the car. Then the salesman ushered us into the financing office. Sure enough, we were subject to sales pitches for obscure kinds of insurance, extended warranties and applications of rust inhibitors and the like.

I switched my brain onto autopilot and said "no" numerous times. Then the finance guy (maybe I should refer to him as a salesman, too) ran our credit and came back with a handful of APRs, but the credit union one we'd found was nearly two percentage points lower, including the quarter-point discount we got by agreeing to have the payment taken out of our credit union savings account each month.

Two percentage points on the price of a new car adds up to a significant chunk of change over the life of the loan, and we were very glad we hadn't just taken what the dealership offered. We were lucky in that both of our credit scores were pretty good, so we had access to traditional financing. According to Kukla, Americans who don't have access to these channels and are forced to go through the dealer if they want to finance a vehicle are much more vulnerable to being victimized.

Kukla says one of the most common scams is what's referred to as "yo-yo financing."

What happens here is a dealer will give you the car to take home, assure you verbally that you'll get a particular interest rate but claim they need a day or two to finalize that rate. The contract will have a blank spot by the interest rate or use the word "conditional." A day or two later, the dealership calls the customer back and tells them they need to come into the dealership. Then they tell the customer that they can't get the promised financing and they have to pay a much higher interest rate if they want to keep the vehicle. Many people feel intimidated and trapped by this, so they agree to the higher rate.

Our experts all say: Never take a vehicle based on an incomplete or conditional contract.

Kathleen Keest, senior policy counsel at the Center for Responsible Lending and a former staffer with the Iowa Attorney General, says cars on the lot without prices signal another red flag. Keest says some shady dealers will suss out, through careful questioning, how much money you have and make that the starting point for negotiations. "The choice is based on your money capacity, not your car needs," she says. Often, she adds, dealers will use sneaky, even illegal tricks to pull your credit before you even start talking price. Knowing your financial situation gives them a leg up. If, for instance, they see you have blemished credit, they may feel bold enough to stick you with a higher interest rate if they believe you can't get financing at a bank or credit union.

To find out more about those tricks -- and how to avoid them -- WalletPop spoke with Thomas Domonoske, a lawyer with the Legal Aid Justice Center in Charlottesville, Va. First of all, Domonoske says, don't sign anything until you're ready to negotiate terms. Even if the dealer says a form is purely informational or will be used to enter you into a contest, there could be fine print in there that authorizes them to pull your credit report. Keep the conversation focused on the price of the vehicle, and don't talk about financing until after you've nailed down how much you're going to pay for it.

Also, while credit reporting agencies ideally like to have your name, address and Social Security number to provide a report, dealerships don't need all that info to get a tentative picture of your finances. "If they ask to see your driver's license, you've given them enough information," warns Domonoske. If you want to test-drive the vehicle, do so after you've hashed out the price. (After all, car dealers know that if you become emotionally attached to a vehicle, even in the slightest, you negotiate from a weaker hand.)

"The best way to buy a car is to negotiate one number and one number only," Domonoske advises. "How many dollars do I have to give you to drive the car off the lot?" If all you talk about is the price of the car, the dealer will have no way to illegally access your credit. Finally, Domonoske says, "Don't answer [if they ask you] 'How much can you afford?' That has nothing to do with how much the car dealer is willing to sell that car for."

Faxless Payday Loans

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The savings rate in America is dismal, and it's heading in the wrong direction. According to the latest data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the personal savings rate in America is 4.5 percent, down from 5.6 percent the previous year.

But do you know what's the greatest hindrance to you increasing your savings? You. Your brain is the biggest thing holding you back from saving more, and one of the best ways to combat this is to trick yourself. You have to make savings a game. Here are five sneaky ways to do so.

1. Take the 52-Week Challenge and Increase Savings Weekly

The 52-week savings challenge helps you save more money without even realizing it. Starting with the first week of January, save $1 in a piggy bank or savings account of your choosing.

For every week, you increase your savings based on the corresponding number of that week. For example, during the second week of January you'll save $2 for that week. The third week you will save $3 in your piggy bank. And now you have $1, $2 and $3 for total of $6 saved over the first three weeks.

By December, you'll be saving $49, $50, $51 and $52. And at the end of one year, you will have saved $1,378.

Even though the year has already started, it's not too late to start the 52-week challenge. You won't have to add much money to your piggy bank for the initial few weeks.

There is a great 52-week challenge worksheet from Jeff Rose, a certified financial planner, on his website, Good Financial Cents.

2. Set Aside Your Savings from the Grocery Store

Every time I buy something at the grocery store, the cashier hands me my receipt and tells me how much I saved during my trip. The savings, of course, come from using my loyalty card.

My mother-in-law and father-in-law have a great system for their grocery loyalty cards. They take the amount listed on the bottom of their receipt that they saved with their loyalty card, and they put that in the savings account or piggy bank.

It's money that you would've spent anyway if you had been shopping without your loyalty card. And it is a fast way to build up your savings without even realizing that you're doing so.

3. Only Use Folding Money, and Drop the Change in a Coin Jar

Not only do my wife and I balance our family's monthly budget with a credit card, but we also do not spend coins. Instead we make as many cash purchases as we can by using only bills.
At the end of each day, we take all of the change that we've accumulated and put it in a coin jar. My coin jar sits on top of my dresser, where it reminds me to put my change in it.

You'd be surprised how much money you can save that way. My wife routinely saves more than $500 a year in change.

4. Find Debit Cards that Round Up Your Purchases

There are a host of credit cards and debit cards on the market today. You can find cards that provide you reward points, frequent flyer miles, double miles, membership in elite clubs, and the list goes on and on.

One interesting type of debit card rounds up your purchases to the nearest dollar. Your bank then deposits the amount rounded up into a savings account. At Bank of America, the programs called Keep the Change. Using such programs, your painless savings can quickly add up to a couple hundred dollars or more over the course of a year.

5. Keep Making 'Payments' After You Pay Off a Loan

What do you do after you have paid off your car loan? What should you do with cash you've dedicated to your mortgage payment after you own the deed to your house? Keep making the payment to yourself, of course, and put the same amount of money into a savings account.

What you want to avoid is lifestyle creep. You'll never know that it is missing from your budget. You already have it factored into your monthly spending. Simply keep making those payments to yourself.

Saving money doesn't have to be a long, laborious endeavor. It doesn't have to be a pain. In fact, you will have better success if you can make it a game.

Americans are not saving enough money. We are underfunding our retirement accounts and have inadequate emergency funds. But it doesn't have to be that way. We do not have to be victims. We can trick ourselves into saving more.

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